The shuttle systems are essential for transporting the electron via simpler structured molecules from the cytosol to the matrix of mitochondria. The NADH molecule is complex hence inhibited to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Thus the shuttle pathways provide the vector to transport the electron to the electron transport chain. The malate aspartate shuttle and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate shuttle both are necessary for this purpose. The malate aspartate shuttle also functions to carry the electron via the outer mitochondrial membrane. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate functions for the inner membrane.
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