A dog (lat. Canis familiaris, or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic animal, one of the most popular (along with a cat) companion animals.
The domestic dog was described as an independent biological species Canis familiaris by Linnaeus in 1758; this scientific name is now recognized by organizations such as the American Society of Mammalogists[2][3][4]. Some sources (eg ITIS and MSW3) recognize the dog as a subspecies of the wolf (Canis lupus familiaris)[5][6]. In Russian-language written sources, the word “dog” in the meaning of the corresponding animal has been found at least since 1475 (starting with the letter of Prince Andrei Vasilyevich Menshoy to the Kirillov Monastery) [7] [8].
From a zoological point of view, a dog is a placental mammal of the carnivore order of the canine family.
Dogs are known for their learning abilities, love of play, and social behavior. Special breeds of dogs have been bred for various purposes: hunting, guarding, pulling horse-drawn vehicles and others, as well as decorative breeds (for example, lap dog, poodle).
If it is necessary to differentiate by sex, the terms “male” (male) and “female” (female) are used; in everyday speech – “dog” and “dog”, respectively. Dog cubs are called puppies or kittens.
Main article: Origin of the domestic dog
There are several hypotheses about the origin of the dog, the wolf and some types of jackals are considered to be its most probable ancestors.
In the judgments of scientists about the ancestors of the domestic dog, there are two points of view. Some believe that dogs are a polyphyletic group (descended from several ancestors), others are of the opinion that all dogs are descended from one ancestor (monophyletic theory) [9] [non-authoritative source?].
Ethologist Konrad Lorenz, Nobel Prize winner, put forward at one time the theory of the origin of dogs from wolves and from jackals[10], emphasizing the diametrical differences between their characters and habits.
Comprehensive results of a comparative analysis of chromosomes, behavior, morphology, vocalization and the results of molecular genetic analysis indicate the origin of a dog from a wolf [11].
Early period of domestication
The dog is the oldest of all domestic animals. Scholars agree that the dog was domesticated in the Old World during the Upper Paleolithic; however, there is still no consensus on the exact place, time period and reasons for the domestication of the dog in the scientific community [12]. Rock carvings, drawings and finds of archaeologists allow scientists to draw some conclusions and assumptions. In the Volga-Oka interfluve, the dog is present throughout the Mesolithic and, according to archaeologists, was the only domestic animal. Mesolithic dogs were distinguished by their large size and powerful jaws. Judging by the traces of cutting on the bones, the local population used dogs for food. Skins and bones were used (for the manufacture of needle cases). The main role of the dog of this period was a hunting assistant[13].
Domestication scenarios
There are different scenarios for the beginning of the domestication of the wolf. In one of them, the initiative to domesticate the wolf belonged to man, in the other, the wolf itself began to develop a new ecological niche near the sites of primitive man, that is, it was “self-domesticated”. Probably, its pioneers could be very rare, unique in behavior individuals, the most tolerant of humans. The first group of such animals could be highly inbred and subject to genetic drift processes. Multiplied in number, this initial population could, as some scientists suggest[11][14], give the world all the variety of dogs. This suggestion was made based on mtDNA studies that revealed a small number of mitochondrial lineages, which could indicate a limited number of founders of domesticating events.
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