Ribosomes are complex molecular structures that play a crucial role in protein synthesis. They are found in all living cells, from bacteria to humans. Ribosomes are composed of two subunits, a larger one and a smaller one, which work together to translate the genetic information in mRNA (messenger RNA) into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.
The larger subunit of the ribosome contains three sites where tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules bind to the mRNA, while the smaller subunit contains the decoding center that recognizes the specific codons (sequences of three nucleotides) on the mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, it adds new amino acids to the growing protein chain until it reaches a stop codon, which signals the end of the protein synthesis process.
Ribosomes are found in two locations in cells: free in the cytoplasm and bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ribosomes bound to the ER are responsible for synthesizing proteins that are destined for secretion or incorporation into cell membranes. The free ribosomes in the cytoplasm are responsible for synthesizing proteins that will function within the cytoplasm or within other organelles of the cell.
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