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Citric Acid Cycle / Krebs Cycle : Steps, Energetics and Intermediate Steps of the Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle plays a central role in energy metabolism.
The citric acid cycle is the final common pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates, lipid, and protein because glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids are metabolized to acetyl-CoA or other intermediates of the cycle.
Even carbon fatty acids produce acetyl-CoA.
Odd carbon fatty acids produce acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA; the latter undergoes further metabolism to form succinyl-CoA, which is an intermediate of the citric acid cycle.
Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate via malate dehydrogenase. The reaction is favorable because of continuous removal of oxaloacetate.
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is part of both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain and forms respiratory complex II in the mitochondrion.
SDH is the only oxidative phosphorylation complex consisting of four subunits encoded by the nuclear genome.
Ξ±-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase requires the following cofactors: thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoic acid, coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
Ξ±-Ketoglutarate gets depleted in hyperammonemia because of increased use in glutamate production.
Succinyl-CoA, an intermediate of the TCA cycle, is required for heme synthesis.
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