Plant cell structure:
Cell wall:
-Rigid cell wall,
-complex structure,
-protecting the cell,
-regulating the life cycle,
-absent in animals,
– may depend on cell type and developmental stage,
– cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin,
-lignin, suberin or cutin,
Cell Membrane
-The plasma membrane,
-separates the interior from the outside environment
-semipermeable
-transport of material
-Membrane proteins
-lipid bilayer
-Phospholipid: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
Cytoplasm
– material within a cell,
– Nucleoplasm,
– Cytosol + organelles
-80% water and usually colorless
Nucleus
-membrane-bound organelle,
-RBCs (No nucleus)
-osteoclasts (Many)
-cell’s genome except mitochondrial DNA,
-DNA + histone = Chromosomes
Nucleolus
-ribosome biogenesis.
-signal recognition particles (stress response),
-nucleolopathies,
-cancer chemotherapy,
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
Not in red blood cells, or spermatozoa
lipids and cholesterol
protein synthesis.
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight,
energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH while freeing oxygen from water,
Mitochondria
-generate most of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy,
Powerhouse,
double-membrane-bound organelle,
Liver cells can have more than 2000,
Vacuole
-Containing water in plant cells
-hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell
-Vacuole types
-Gas Vacuoles
-Central Vacuoles
-Contractile Vacuoles
-Food Vacuoles
-80 percent or more
-plant wastes
-stores salts, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth
Golgi apparatus
Golgi complex,
Proteins into membrane-bound vesicles
Peroxisome
membrane-bound organelle
oxidative organelles
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
scavenging activities,
Ribosome
Complex cellular structures
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein
protein synthesis
many subunits.
Amyloplast
-store starch within
-double-enveloped organelles
-involved in various biological pathways.
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