Cellular damage: ROS can directly damage cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. This damage can disrupt cellular function and contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging.
DNA damage: ROS can cause modifications in DNA, including single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and DNA base modifications. If not repaired properly, this DNA damage can lead to mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and an increased risk of cancer.
Protein damage: ROS can oxidize proteins, leading to their structural and functional impairment. Oxidative modifications of proteins can alter their enzymatic activity, disrupt cellular signaling pathways, and contribute to the development of protein aggregation and neurodegenerative diseases.
Lipid peroxidation: ROS can initiate a chain reaction known as lipid peroxidation, which leads to the oxidative damage of cellular membranes. This process generates reactive byproducts that can further propagate oxidative damage in adjacent molecules. Lipid peroxidation can impair the integrity and function of cell membranes, leading to cellular dysfunction and tissue damage.
Inflammation: Oxidative stress can activate inflammatory pathways and promote the release of pro-inflammatory molecules. Chronic inflammation resulting from oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders.
Mitochondrial dysfunction: Mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles within cells, are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress due to their high metabolic activity and the generation of ROS as a byproduct. Oxidative damage to mitochondria can impair their function, leading to reduced energy production, increased ROS production, and further exacerbation of oxidative stress.
Aging: Accumulated oxidative damage over time is considered one of the main contributors to the aging process. The gradual decline in cellular function and increased susceptibility to diseases associated with aging are believed to be partly due to the cumulative effects of oxidative stress
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